Enterprise Self-Encrypting Drive User’s Guide, Rev. B 3 1.0 Introduction This user guide provides a comprehensive introduction to security and full disk encryption as it is implemented in Seagate SecureTM enterprise Self-Encrypting Drive (SED) models. SED models communicate with a host system using. 2 Running sed This chapter covers how to run sed. Details of sedscripts and individual sedcommands are discussed in the next chapter. 2.1 Overview Normally sedis invoked like this: sed SCRIPT INPUTFILE. For example, to replace all occurrences of ‘hello’ to ‘world’ in the fileinput.txt: sed ’s/hello/world/’ input.txt output.txt.
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A good eBook reader should be set up. It will be helpful to have a great eBook reader in order to have a great reading experience and high quality eBook display. You can also use free software that can provide the readers with many functions to the reader than only an easy platform to read the desired eBooks. You can also save all your eBooks in the library that is additionally supplied to the user by the software program and have a superb display of all your eBooks as well as access them by identifying them from their unique cover. Aside from offering a place to save all your valuable eBooks, the eBook reader software even offer you a lot of features to be able to enhance your eBook reading experience in relation to the conventional paper books. You can even improve your eBook reading encounter with help of choices supplied by the software program like the font size, full display mode, the specific variety of pages that need to be shown at once and also change the colour of the backdrop.
You must not make use of the eBook consistently for a lot of hours without rests. You must take proper breaks after specific intervals while reading. A lot of the times we forget that we're supposed to take breaks while we are dealing with anything on the computer screen and are engrossed in reading the content on screen. Yet, this will not mean that you should step away from the computer screen every now and then. Continuous reading your eBook on the computer screen for a long time without taking any rest can cause you headache, cause your neck pain and suffer from eye sores and in addition cause night blindness. So, it is critical to give your eyes rest for some time by taking breaks after particular time intervals. This will help you to prevent the troubles that otherwise you may face while reading an eBook continuously.
While reading the eBooks, you need to prefer to read big text. Normally, you will realize the text of the eBook tends to be in medium size. It is suggested to read the eBook with large text. So, raise the size of the text of the eBook while reading it on the screen. Even though this can mean you will have less text on each page and greater amount of page turning, you'll have the ability to read your desired eBook with great convenience and have a great reading experience with better eBook display.It's proposed that never use eBook reader in full screen mode. It is recommended not to go for reading the eBook in full screen mode. Although it might seem easy to read with full screen without turning the page of the eBook quite often, it place lot of pressure on your own eyes while reading in this mode. Constantly prefer to read the eBook in the same span that would be similar to the printed book. This is so, because your eyes are used to the length of the printed book and it would be comfy that you read in exactly the same manner. Test out different shapes or sizes until you find one with which you'll be comfortable to read eBook.
By using different techniques of page turn you can also enhance your eBook experience. You can try many ways to turn the pages of eBook to enhance your reading experience. Check out whether you can turn the page with some arrow keys or click a special section of the display, apart from using the mouse to manage everything. Prefer to make us of arrow keys if you are leaning forwards. Try using the mouse if you are comfortable sitting back. Lesser the movement you have to make while reading the eBook better is going to be your reading experience.
Technical dilemmas One difficulty on eBook readers with LCD screens is the fact that it is not going to take long before you strain your eyes from reading. To help prevent this, you can use the “white on black” feature of your iPad or similar features to other eBook readers. This will definitely help to make reading easier.
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Paradigm | scripting |
---|---|
Designed by | Lee E. McMahon |
First appeared | 1974; 46 years ago |
Implementation language | C |
Influenced by | |
ed | |
Influenced | |
Chomski, Perl, AWK |
sed (stream editor) is a Unix utility that parses and transforms text, using a simple, compact programming language. sed was developed from 1973 to 1974 by Lee E. McMahon of Bell Labs,[1]and is available today for most operating systems.[2] sed was based on the scripting features of the interactive editor ed ('editor', 1971) and the earlier qed ('quick editor', 1965–66). sed was one of the earliest tools to support regular expressions, and remains in use for text processing, most notably with the substitution command. Popular alternative tools for plaintext string manipulation and 'stream editing' include AWK and Perl.
- 3Usage
- 4Examples
- 10External links
History[edit]
First appearing in Version 7 Unix,[3] sed is one of the early Unix commands built for command line processing of data files. It evolved as the natural successor to the popular grep command.[4] The original motivation was an analogue of grep (g/re/p) for substitution, hence 'g/re/s'.[3] Foreseeing that further special-purpose programs for each command would also arise, such as g/re/d, McMahon wrote a general-purpose line-oriented stream editor, which became sed.[4] The syntax for sed, notably the use of
/
for pattern matching, and s///
for substitution, originated with ed, the precursor to sed, which was in common use at the time,[4] and the regular expression syntax has influenced other languages, notably ECMAScript and Perl. Later, the more powerful language AWK developed, and these functioned as cousins, allowing powerful text processing to be done by shell scripts. sed and AWK are often cited as progenitors and inspiration for Perl, and influenced Perl's syntax and semantics, notably in the matching and substitution operators.GNU sed added several new features, including in-place editing of files. Super-sed is an extended version of sed that includes regular expressions compatible with Perl. Another variant of sed is minised, originally reverse-engineered from 4.1BSD sed by Eric S. Raymond and currently maintained by René Rebe. minised was used by the GNU Project until the GNU Project wrote a new version of sed based on the new GNU regular expression library. The current minised contains some extensions to BSD sed but is not as feature-rich as GNU sed. Its advantage is that it is very fast and uses little memory.[citation needed] It is used on embedded systems and is the version of sed provided with Minix.[citation needed]
Mode of operation[edit]
![Sed Sed](https://static.itbook.download/html/3/7/37979739c4af4e82943c34b5262230c4//bg1.png)
sed is a line-oriented text processing utility: it reads text, line by line, from an input stream or file, into an internal buffer called the pattern space. Each line read starts a cycle. To the pattern space, sed applies one or more operations which have been specified via a sed script. sed implements a programming language with about 25 commands that specify the operations on the text. For each input line, after running the script, sed ordinarily outputs the pattern space (the line as modified by the script) and begins the cycle again with the next line. Other end-of-script behaviors are available through sed options and script commands, e.g.
d
to delete the pattern space, q
to quit, N
to add the next line to the pattern space immediately, and so on. Thus a sed script corresponds to the body of a loop that iterates through the lines of a stream, where the loop itself and the loop variable (the current line number) are implicit and maintained by sed.The sed script can either be specified on the command line (
-e
option) or read from a separate file (-f
option). Commands in the sed script may take an optional address, in terms of line numbers or regular expressions. The address determines when the command is run. For example, 2d
would only run the d
(delete) command on the second input line (printing all lines but the second), while /^ /d
would delete all lines beginning with a space. A separate special buffer, the hold space, may be used by a few sed commands to hold and accumulate text between cycles. sed's command language has only two variables (the 'hold space' and the 'pattern space') and GOTO-like branching functionality; nevertheless, the language is Turing-complete,[5][6] and esoteric sed scripts exist for games such as sokoban, arkanoid,[7]chess,[8] and tetris.[9]A main loop executes for each line of the input stream, evaluating the sed script on each line of the input. Lines of a sed script are each a pattern-action pair, indicating what pattern to match and which action to perform, which can be recast as a conditional statement. Because the main loop, working variables (pattern space and hold space), input and output streams, and default actions (copy line to pattern space, print pattern space) are implicit, it is possible to write terse one-liner programs. For example, the sed program given by:
will print the first 10 lines of input, then stop.
Usage[edit]
Substitution command[edit]
The following example shows a typical, and the most common, use of sed: substitution. This usage was indeed the original motivation for sed:[4]
In some versions of sed, the expression must be preceded by
-e
to indicate that an expression follows. The s
stands for substitute, while the g
stands for global, which means that all matching occurrences in the line would be replaced. The regular expression (i.e. pattern) to be searched is placed after the first delimiting symbol (slash here) and the replacement follows the second symbol. Slash (/
) is the conventional symbol, originating in the character for 'search' in ed, but any other could be used to make syntax more readable if it does not occur in the pattern or replacement; this is useful to avoid 'leaning toothpick syndrome'.The substitution command, which originates in search-and-replace in ed, implements simple parsing and templating. The
regexp
provides both pattern matching and saving text via sub-expressions, while the replacement
can be either literal text, or a format string containing the characters &
for 'entire match' or the special escape sequences1
through 9
for the nth saved sub-expression. For example, sed -r 's/(cat|dog)s?/1s/g'
replaces all occurrences of 'cat' or 'dog' with 'cats' or 'dogs', without duplicating an existing 's': (cat|dog)
is the 1st (and only) saved sub-expression in the regexp, and 1
in the format string substitutes this into the output.Other sed commands[edit]
Besides substitution, other forms of simple processing are possible, using some 25 sed commands. For example, the following uses the d command to delete lines that are either blank or only contain spaces:
This example uses some of the following regular expressionmetacharacters (sed supports the full range of regular expressions):
- The caret (
^
) matches the beginning of the line. - The dollar sign (
$
) matches the end of the line. - The asterisk (
*
) matches zero or more occurrences of the previous character. - The plus (
+
) matches one or more occurrence(s) of the previous character. - The question mark (
?
) matches zero or one occurrence of the previous character. - The dot (
.
) matches exactly one character.
Complex sed constructs are possible, allowing it to serve as a simple, but highly specialised, programming language. Flow of control, for example, can be managed by the use of a label (a colon followed by a string) and the branch instruction
b
. An instruction b
followed by a valid label name will move processing to the block following that label.sed used as a filter[edit]
Under Unix, sed is often used as a filter in a pipeline:
That is, a program such as 'generateData' generates data, and then sed makes the small change of replacing x with y. For example:
File-based sed scripts[edit]
It is often useful to put several sed commands, one command per line, into a script file such as
subst.sed
, and then use the -f
option to run the commands (such as s/x/y/g
) from the file:Any number of commands may be placed into the script file, and using a script file also avoids problems with shell escaping or substitutions.
Such a script file may be made directly executable from the command line by prepending it with a 'shebang line' containing the sed command and assigning the executable permission to the file. For example, a file
subst.sed
can be created with contents:The file may then be made executable by the current user with the
chmod
command:The file may then be executed directly from the command line:
In-place editing[edit]
The
-i
option, introduced in GNU sed, allows in-place editing of files (actually, a temporary output file is created in the background, and then the original file is replaced by the temporary file). For example:Examples[edit]
Hello, world! example[edit]
This 'Hello, world!' script is in a file (e.g., script.txt) and invoked with
sed -f script.txt inputFileName
, where 'inputFileName' is the input text file. The script changes 'inputFileName' line #1 to 'Hello, world!' and then quits, printing the result before sed exits. Any input lines past line #1 are not read, and not printed. So the sole output is 'Hello, world!'.The example emphasizes many key characteristics of sed:
- sed is unique. No other 'Hello, world!' example is even vaguely similar.
- Typical sed programs are rather short and simple.
- sed scripts can have comments (the line starting with the
#
symbol). - The
s
(substitute) command is the most important sed command. - sed allows simple programming, with commands such as
q
(quit). - sed uses regular expressions, such as
.*
(zero or more of any character).
Other simple examples[edit]
Below follow various sed scripts; these can be executed by passing as an argument to sed, or put in a separate file and executed via
-f
or by making the script itself executable.To replace any instance of a certain word in a file with 'REDACTED', such as an IRC password, and save the result:
To delete any line containing the word 'yourword' (the address is '/yourword/'):
To delete all instances of the word 'yourword':
To delete two words from a file simultaneously:
To express the previous example on one line, such as when entering at the command line, one may join two commands via the semicolon:
Multiline processing example[edit]
In the next example, sed, which usually only works on one line, removes newlines from sentences where the second line starts with one space.Consider the following text:
The sed script below will turn the text above into the following text. Note that the script affects only the input lines that start with a space:
The script is:
This is explained as:
- (
N
) add the next line to the pattern space; - (
s/n / /
) find a new line followed by a space, replace with one space; - (
P
) print the top line of the pattern space; - (
D
) delete the top line from the pattern space and run the script again.
This can be expressed on a single line via semicolons:
Limitations and alternatives[edit]
While simple and limited, sed is sufficiently powerful for a large number of purposes. For more sophisticated processing, more powerful languages such as AWK or Perl are used instead. These are particularly used if transforming a line in a way more complicated than a regex extracting and template replacement, though arbitrarily complicated transforms are in principle possible by using the hold buffer.
Conversely, for simpler operations, specialized Unix utilities such as grep (print lines matching a pattern), head (print the first part of a file), tail (print the last part of a file), and tr (translate or delete characters) are often preferable. For the specific tasks they are designed to carry out, such specialized utilities are usually simpler, clearer, and faster than a more general solution such as sed.
The ed/sed commands and syntax continue to be used in descendent programs, such as the text editors vi and vim. An analog to ed/sed is sam/ssam, where sam is the Plan 9 editor, and ssam is a stream interface to it, yielding functionality similar to sed.
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^In command line use, the quotes around the expression are not required, and are only necessary if the shell would otherwise not interpret the expression as a single word (token). For the script
s/x/y/g
there is no ambiguity, sogenerateData | sed s/x/y/g
works correctly. However, quotes are usually included for clarity, and are often necessary, notably for whitespace (e.g.,'s/x x/y y/'
). Most often single quotes are used, to avoid having the shell interpret$
as a shell variable. Double quotes are used, such as's/$1/$2/g'
, to allow the shell to substitute for a command line argument or other shell variable.
References[edit]
- ^'The sed FAQ, Section 2.1'. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
- ^'The sed FAQ, Section 2.2'. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
- ^ abMcIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986(PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139.
- ^ abcd'On the Early History and Impact of Unix'.
A while later a demand arose for another special-purpose program, gres, for substitution: g/re/s. Lee McMahon undertook to write it, and soon foresaw that there would be no end to the family: g/re/d, g/re/a, etc. As his concept developed it became sed…
- ^'Implementation of a Turing Machine as Sed Script'.
- ^'Turing.sed'.
- ^'The $SED Home - gamez'.
- ^'bolknote/SedChess'. GitHub.
- ^'Sedtris, a Tetris game written for sed'.
Further reading[edit]
- Dale Dougherty & Arnold Robbins (March 1997). sed & awk (2nd ed.). O'Reilly. ISBN1-56592-225-5.
- Arnold Robbins (June 2002). sed and awk Pocket Reference (2nd ed.). O'Reilly. ISBN0-596-00352-8.
- Peter Patsis (December 1998). UNIX AWK and SED Programmer's Interactive Workbook (UNIX Interactive Workbook). Prentice Hall. ISBN0-13-082675-8.
- Daniel Goldman (February 2013). Definitive Guide to sed. EHDP Press. ISBN978-1-939824-00-4.
- Sourceforge.net, the sed FAQ (March, 2003)
External links[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Sed |
sed
– Commands & Utilities Reference, The Single UNIX Specification, Issue 7 from The Open Group
Tutorials[edit]
- Sed - An Introduction and Tutorial, by Bruce Barnett
- SED -- A Non-interactive Text Editor (1974), by Lee E. McMahon
- 31+ Examples For Sed Linux Command In Text Manipulation, by Mokhtar Ebrahim
Examples[edit]
Other links[edit]
- GNU sed homepage (includes GNU sed manual)
- sed the Stream Editor (2004) (Eric Pement)
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